Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Licorice Root (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) on Wound Healing of Gastrotomized Male Wistar Rats: Histopathological Changes758313343810.30500/ivsa.2021.258525.1232ENAida GolmohammadiiFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.Abdolrasoul NamjouDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.0000-0001-5917-2171Esfandiar HeidarianClinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.0000-0002-4701-144XJournal Article20201122This study investigated the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of licorice root on the healing of surgical gastric ulcers in rats. For this experimental study, thirty-six male Wistar albino rats were prepared, and first, a 16 mm incision was made in the greater curvature of the stomach, and then it was sutured in a single layer. The rats were then randomly distributed into three groups (n=12), a control group, and two other groups, which were treated with licorice hydroalcoholic extract at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg orally via gavage once daily for 21 consecutive days. Wound healing among the groups was compared and a determination was made for the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and serum antioxidant capacity. The mean rank of histopathological evaluation on the twentieth day after surgery showed a significant difference between the three groups. The difference in mean rank showed a significant increase between the group of rats treated with the extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg compared to the control group. The amount of MDA in the control group showed a significant increase compared to the groups treated with the extract at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg. Serum antioxidant capacity in the experimental group treated with extracts showed a significant increase in comparison with the control group. The results of this study showed that lipid peroxidation in a gastrotomy rat treated with licorice root hydroalcoholic extract decreased with a marked increase in antioxidant activity and subsequently accelerated the healing process of the gastric surgery site.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Histopathologic Evaluation of Intraperitoneal Administration of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles on Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Rat Testicular Torsion and Detorsion Model849013343910.30500/ivsa.2021.266957.1243ENSeyedeh Shima Ashraf-TaleshDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.Amir AmniattalabDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, Urmia, Iran.Journal Article20210119Testicular torsion and detorsion are important clinical problems for infertility in men. In fact, torsion of the spermatic cord is an emergency that results from the rotation of the testis and epididymis around the axis of the spermatic cord. Male factor infertility accounts for up to half of all cases of infertility and affects one man in 20 in the general population. Using a rat testis model, effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles (NCER) were studied on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Eighteen healthy male Wistar rats were used. The animals were subjected to three experimental groups (n = 6): Group Sham: Only laparotomy was performed. Group IS/REP: A 3- hour ischemia and 3-hour reperfusion were performed. Group IS/REP/NCER: The procedure included 3-hour ischemia, 3-hour reperfusion, and 20 µL (0.3 mmol/lit) of NCER 30 min before the cessation of ischemia. Significantly amended development of ischemia/reperfusion tissue injury was observed in animals treated with NCER compared to those of other groups (<em>p </em> = 0.001). Mean values of histomorphometric indices were significantly more improved than those observed for other groups (<em>p </em> = 0.001). Where testicular tissue is exposed to ischemia intraperitoneal administration of NCER could bear clinical benefits in diminishing ischemia-reperfusion injury.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Oral Administration of Ginger Rhizome Powder and Postoperative Inflammation Indices in Ovariohysterectomized Dogs919913344110.30500/ivsa.2021.286032.1258ENMoosa JavdaniDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.0000-0003-0975-2295Abolfazl AaliDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.0000-0002-4068-7682Abdolnaser MohebiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.Fatemeh HeydarpourMedical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.0000-0002-2441-7332Amin Bigham-SadeghDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and
Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.0000-0003-4981-7495Journal Article20210512With regard to the importance of prescribing medicinal plants in the traditional veterinary medicine and the anti-inflammatory role of ginger, the current study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the oral administration of the ginger rhizome powder following ovariohysterectomy in puppies. Ten healthy young female puppies were randomly assigned to two equal groups, including a control and an experimental group. Two hours before surgical neutering by ovariohysterectomy, a Zintoma Capsule (<em>Zingiber officinale</em>) was administered orally in the experimental group and continued daily for 10 days after surgery. Several inflammatory markers were measured to evaluate the postsurgical status of the animals in the different times. Although there was no difference in the albumin and glucose level between the experimental and control groups at the different times, a statistically significant reduction in the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group. These preliminary findings suggest the usefulness of ginger rhizome powder, a traditional herbal dietary supplement, in the reduction of postoperative inflammatory reactions in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Evaluating the Effects of Gastric By-Pass Surgery and Sleeve Gastrectomy, as New GDV Treatment Modalities, on Vitamin B12 Values in Dogs10010613580810.30500/ivsa.2021.287911.1262ENSalar GhanbariDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.0000-0003-2434-9920Aboutorab Tabatabaei-NaeiniDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.Alireza Raayat-JahromiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.0000-0002-1835-1736Masoud AminiDepartment of Surgery, School of Medicine, Laparoscopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.0000-0002-9725-7026Journal Article20210526The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy on vitamin B12 values in dogs. Gastric dilation and volvulus (GDV) is an acute disease with a high mortality rate in dogs. Either gastric bypass surgery or sleeve gastrectomy can be utilized as surgical treatments for GDV. These techniques can provide increased success and fewer complications, however, one undesirable outcome can be vitamin B12 insufficiency. Three groups of dogs received gastric surgeries, one group underwent gastric rotation and derotation with no tissue gastric incisions, the two other groups had gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy. Vitamin B12 level was evaluated two weeks prior to surgery, at the time of surgery, two, four, and six weeks after surgery. The results demonstrated no inter-group differences two weeks prior to surgery until four weeks after surgery. However, six weeks post-operation, significant differences between the sleeve gastrectomy group, and the other two groups were shown in vitamin B12 levels. Gastric bypass surgery and sleeve gastrectomy can both be utilized as new surgical managements of GDV. However, as we have demonstrated in this article, an important expected side effect is vitamin B12 insufficiency, in dogs that receive sleeve gastrectomy for GDV treatment. This necessary element must be substituted artificially for all dogs which had received these surgical managements.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Comparison of Synovial Fluid Composition in Distended and Normal Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath of Horses (A Pilot Study)10711413541610.30500/ivsa.2021.296292.1273ENZahra NooriDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Samaneh GhasemiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Ali MirshahiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Mehdad MohriDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Ahmadreza MohamadniaDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.0000-0003-1459-3989Journal Article20210722Diagnosis of tenosynovitis is usually confirmed on the basis of synovial fluid analysis (such as cytological and biochemical examinations). This study was designed to examine biochemical (serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp) and D-dimer) and cytological (total nucleated cell count (TNCC), neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte count) characteristics of serum and synovial fluid of the equine digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS). Synovial fluid samples were aseptically collected in EDTA from 43 limbs in 20 horses with (study group) and 8 limbs in 8 horses without (control group) distention of DFTS and serum samples were collected from each horse. Lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, and TNCC in the synovial fluid were statistically higher in the distended sheath that shows an inflammatory nature of the distention, however, concentrations of D-dimer was lower in serum (0.1, 0.10-3.80) and (0.2, 0.10-0.20) than synovial fluid (19.2, 17.78-20.00) and (20, 19.90-20.00)) in both groups. The serum SAA concentrations of the control group (1.7, 0.10-2.16) were significantly higher than the study group (1, 0.86-1.05) and the concentration of SAA in serum was higher than synovial fluid (0.89, 0.86-0.98) in the control group. Results of this current study show that a cytological evaluation of the synovial fluid is more valuable than biochemical findings in the diagnosis of the inflammatory nature of this condition.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001The Effect of Liposome Nanocarrier Containing Scrophularia striata Extract on Burn Wound Healing in Rats11512713541710.30500/ivsa.2021.292376.1268ENMohammad ShahrakiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranMohammad Mahdi MolaeiDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranReza KheirandishDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranPourya MohammadiDepartment of Chemistry, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranEhsanollah SakhaeeDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University o Kerman, Kerman, IranJournal Article20210627The present study was conducted to evaluate the wound healing effects of liposome nanocarrier containing <em>Scrophularia striata</em> extract. Seventy-two male Wistar albino rats were divided into 6 groups of 12 animals each. Rats were anesthetized, and dorsum shaved. A 100 g cylindrical copper rod of 1cm diameter was heated up to 100° C. It was placed on the skin without any pressure. Histopathological evaluation and the macroscopic size processing and analysis of the burn were employed to study the potential of wound healing in study groups. The study groups were: positive control group (zinc oxide treatment), treatment group (ointment containing nanoliposomes loaded with extract <em>Scrophularia striata</em>), extract group (ointment containing hydroalcoholic extract <em>Scrophularia striata</em>), control group of nanoliposomes (ointment containing Nano liposomes), Eucerin control group (ointment containing Eucerin), negative control group (no treatment). On the 5<sup>th</sup>, 10<sup>th</sup>, and 15<sup>th</sup> days after the initial operation, samples were taken from 4 rats of each group. The results showed that loaded nanoliposomes had a nanometric size and spherical morphology. Also, the wound size of the treatment group was smaller than other groups and had the best effect on repairing wound healing. Also, in other groups, positive control had a better effect on wound repair than extract, Eucerin, nano, and negative groups. According to the highest re-epithelialization, granulation tissue formation, and the lowest necrotic tissue, we could suggest that the treatment group had the best healing effect among other groups.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Evaluation of Clinical Signs, Hematological and Biochemical Parameters after Blood Transfusion from Sheep to Goat12813413802210.30500/ivsa.2021.273976.1251ENOmid AbdiDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.Vahid NajarnezhadDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.Vahid MohammadiDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran0000-0001-8660-4179Journal Article20210220Blood transfusion is needed for the treatment of severe anemia. The purpose of this study was to detect clinical reactions, hematological and biochemical alterations after a blood transfusion from sheep to goat. Four Iranian mixed breed male sheep and goats were used in this study. Fifteen milliliters per kilogram of whole blood was taken from the sheep. Blood transfusion to goats was performed after 24 hours. Blood samples were taken from goats at times 0 (10 min before transfusion), 10 min, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 192 hours after blood transfusion. No reactions such as coughing, dyspnea, muscle tremors, salivation, tearing, fever, and ruminal bloating during and after blood transfusion were seen. The respiratory rate significantly increased, 3, 6, and 12 hours after blood transfusion (<em>p </em>˂ 0.05). Hematocrit was significantly reduced 3 hours after blood transfusion (<em>p</em> ˂ 0.05). Serum creatinine levels were increased significantly 10 minutes and 3 hours after blood transfusion (<em>p</em> ˂ 0.05). Blood urea serum was significantly increased 6 and 12 hours after blood transfusion (<em>p </em>˂ 0.05). Serum calcium levels were increased significantly 72 and 96 hours after blood transfusion (<em>p </em>˂ 0.05). Serum magnesium levels were significantly increased 72 and 96 hours after blood transfusion (<em>p </em>˂ 0.05). In conclusion, temporary and transient changes observed in this study were safe and were not life-threatening for the goats, and the sheep blood can be used in anemic goats for one time.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Cystosonographic and Cystographic Evaluations of Urinary Bladder Defects Managed with Composite Colo-Peritoneal Grafts in Dogs13514113674910.30500/ivsa.2021.272528.1249ENSa’idu TankoMuhammadVeterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.0000-0002-6466-8072Cheh AugustineAwasumDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Bisalla MohammedDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Adamu ZoakaHassanDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Mohammed AbdurrahmanDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Andrew AbabaJamesDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Nigeria.Maruf LawalDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Daniel OnimisiAvaziDepartment of Veterinary Medicine, Surgery and Radiology, University of Jos, Nigeria.Mu’azu NuhuBappahDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Joseph OlusegunAyoDepartment of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Mohammed HadiSulaimanDepartment of Veterinary Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Kwem BakauKadimaVeterinary Teaching Hospital, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.Journal Article20210209Radiographic and ultrasonographic evaluations of the urinary bladder architecture following autologous composite colo-peritoneal pedicle graft, as alternative tissue for urinary bladder reconstruction, in the surgical repair of experimental urinary bladder defects were carried out in two dogs. Predetermined 2 ´ 4 cm dimension of urinary bladder defect was created on the dorsum of the urinary bladder, and was patched with harvested 3 ´ 5 cm composite colo-peritoneal pedicle flap. All operations were aseptically and humanely conducted. The gross anatomical evaluation of the urinary bladder architecture was performed by ultrasonography and contrast radiography of the repaired urinary bladder. Post-surgical cystosonographic assessments on day 8 showed thickened urinary bladder wall at the point of the graft, which decreased markedly on day 21. Cystographic evaluation revealed gradual transition of the urinary bladder architecture at the point of graft with clear delineation and minimal blurring at week 2 post-operation, which gradually disappeared at weeks 10 and 14. The cystosonographic and cystographic evaluations demonstrated evidence of advanced healing and well-preserved urinary bladder architecture with no evidence of leaks. The imaging modalities are adequately diagnostic to assess urinary bladder repairs following its management with composite colo-peritoneal graft in dogs.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Malignant (Anaplastic) Amelanotic/Hypomelanotic Melanoma in a Kurdish Gelding14214512696310.30500/ivsa.2021.259636.1234ENAram SadiDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.0000-0003-4564-745XSaeed AziziDepartment of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.Hamed MasoudiDepartment of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.Journal Article20201128We report an 11-year-old Kurdish gelding with an anaplastic malignant melanoma arising from his right lateral of the neck, which developed over 6 weeks. A ~10 cm in diameter, firm, and non-ulcerated nodular subcutaneous mass located at the middle and proximal of the left side of the neck was detected in a physical examination. No evidence of local extent or metastasis was detected. Complete surgical excision was performed under general anesthesia. Gross morphology and histopathological examination of the mass confirmed an anaplastic malignant melanoma, in which the major part of the mass has little or no pigmentation. The gelding was euthanized due to tumor regrowth. The heterogeneity in pigmentation of equine melanocytic tumors can make diagnosis difficult in punch biopsy specimens. Anaplastic malignant melanoma is most often a very aggressive neoplasm and surgical excision was not effective in this case.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Lameness and Radial Nerve Neuropathy Caused By Chondroma Tumor in a Male Dog14615112696210.30500/ivsa.2021.263474.1240ENRamin Mazaheri-KhamenehDepartment of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.0000-0001-6246-5127Hamed MasoudiDepartment of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.Journal Article20201223A 5-year-old mongrel male dog with severe left forelimb lameness was referred to the veterinary clinic of Urmia University. On initial physical examination, vital signs were normal. However, a firm swelling with a history of one year progressive increasing in size was observed on the caudolateral aspect of the left shoulder. Pedal reflex was negative. On radiographic examination, a large mass with abnormal radiodensity was seen in the caudal humerus. Hypodermic needle aspiration specimen were unremarkable except large number of normal blood cells. Under general anesthesia, the tumoral mass was surgically removed via a caudolateral approach to the humerus. Pathological assessments corroborated the lobular pattern with the presence of tumor cells similar to normal chondrocytes in an amorphous, basophilic matrix that confirmed the chondroma tumor. In the postoperative follow-up, normal nerve function was returned and lameness was disappeared. Chondroma tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis of dogs with persistent lameness and neuropathies.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Idiopathic Congenital Cervical Megaesophagus in a Goat Kid15215512943210.30500/ivsa.2021.271465.1247ENMasoud AhmadnejadDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.0000-0001-7227-9117Ghader Jalilzadeh-AminDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.0000-0003-2869-5492Seyed Mohammad Hashemi-AslDepartment of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.Journal Article20210202Megaesophagus is atony and dilatation of the esophagus that is usually congenitally but acquired cases also happen. Salivation, regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia, and esophagitis are complications of the megaesophagus. Megaesophagus has been reported in various animals including horses, cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, dogs, and cats but the occurrence is rare in ruminants. The exact etiology of the megaesophagus remains unknown. A two-day-old goat kid from a goat herd was referred to veterinary education and teaching hospital who regurgitate after milk feeding and sometimes cough. An Enlargement was felt under the throat after milk feeding. Two similar cases in this herd had died with these symptoms in the past month. All vital signs and complete blood cell count of the animal were normal. Lateral plain radiographs and contrast radiographs with barium contrast were performed for further examination. Radiographic findings confirmed the congenital cervical megaesophagus. Esophageal massage to the down direction and the forelimb raising after eating a small amount of milk was also recommended for this animal as a treatment protocol. It was recommended that the bucks should be culled to control the possible genetic origin. In our follow-up after a week, the kid was alive, but dead in the second week. This report presents the descriptions of clinical and radiographical findings of a congenital cervical megaesophagus in a kid. The complications can be relatively controlled with special care, but it is unlikely that the animal can be kept alive for long periods.Iranian Veterinary Surgery Association (IVSA)Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery2008-303316220211001Maggot Therapy for Snakebite Necrotic Wound in a Horse15616012975810.30500/ivsa.2021.275445.1255ENMasoud AhmadnejadDepartment of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.0000-0001-7227-9117Fereydon RezazadehDepartment of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.Journal Article20210227Maggot therapy is the use of sterile fly larvae in the treatment of superficial wounds in humans and animals. <em>Lucilia sericata</em> (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae are most commonly used for this purpose. Nowadays, larval therapy is widely used in the treatment of diabetic and infectious human wounds. Larval therapy in veterinary medicine has been used in dogs, cats, horses, and even ruminants. A 5-year-old crossbreed (Arabian and Kurdish) stallion was referred to a veterinary private sector in Tabriz city that suffered from a necrotic wound on its forelimb skin following a snakebite injury. The owner had seen the snake in the horse stable. Skin necrosis was observed on the dorsal of the right forelimb which extended to the ventral of the adjacent neck and chest. Despite this extensive skin injury, the horse was alert with a normal appetite and no sign of lameness was detected. Intravenous fluid therapy, systemic anti-inflammatory, and antibiotics were used for the horse's general condition support and topical oxytetracycline and zinc oxide were administered but had no effect on healing of necrotic wounds. Maggot therapy was performed on the necrotic skin. Unfortunately, the larvae died after inserting less than 24 hours. The maggot therapy was unsuccessful in the treatment of skin necrosis in this experience and the larvae died in this short time. However, more clinical trials on the efficacy of maggot therapy for extensive skin necrosis and studies on the effects of snake venom on the maggots are needed.